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RA 9337 or Reformed VAT Law
(R-VAT) lifts the VAT exemptions on certain goods and services,
including petroleum products. How will this affect fuel prices?
Ayon sa Republic Act 9337 o Reformed VAT Law (R-VAT), papatawan
na ng VAT ang ilang mga produkto at serbisyo kasama ang mga produktong
petrolyo. Ano ang magiging epekto nito sa presyo ng langis?
For the first time petroleum products, among other goods and services,
will be subject to VAT.
Prices of petroleum products are expected to rise slightly, but
the burden of higher prices will be borne by consumers depending
on their level of consumption. Those who consume more fuel will
bear a bigger burden than those who consume less fuel.
Sa kauna-unahang pagkakataon, ang mga produktong petrolyo ay
papatawan na ng VAT. Hindi ito kabilang sa mga produkto at serbisyong
may VAT bago naipasa ang RA 9337 dahil na rin ang industriya ng
langis ay sakop ng regulasyon at ang presyo nito ay dumadaan sa
dating Energy Regulatory Board (ERB).
Dahil ang VAT ay isang buwis sa pagkonsumo ng produkto at serbisyo,
ang dagdag sa presyo ng langis ay ayon sa laki o dami ng konsumo
ng mga motorista at mamimili.
How much will fuel prices increase?
Magkano ang itataas ng presyo ng langis?
The 10% VAT will not be fully passed on oil products. This means
that the impact of VAT will be substantially less than 10%. %. Using
the November 1 prevailing pump prices, fuel prices will only increase
by an average of 4.2% instead of 10%. This is because government
has put in place mitigating measures to lessen the impact of VAT
on petroleum such as (a) removing excise taxes and (b) reducing
import duty.
Di tulad ng ibang mga produkto at serbisyo, mas mababa sa
10% ang epekto ng VAT sa presyo ng langis. Kung gagamitin ang November
1 pump prices, tataas lamang ng 4.2 percent ang presyo ng langis
dahil naglagay ang Gobyerno ng mga hakbang upang maibsan ang epekto
nito sa mga mamimili. Ilan dito ay pagtanggal ng excise taxes at
pagpapababa ng taripa o import duty sa mga inaangkat na produkto
ng langis.
By how much have the mitigating measures
lessened the impact of the VAT on petroleum?
Bunga ng mga hakbang na ito, magkano na lamang ang epekto ng
pagpapataw ng 10% VAT sa presyo ng produktong petrolyo?
The R-VAT removed the excise tax on socially sensitive products
such as diesel which is used by public transport, kerosene used
for lighting purposes in the countryside and fuel oil used for power
generation. The R-VAT also reduced the excise tax on regular unleaded
gasoline. In addition, Executive Order No. 440 reduced the import
duty of crude and petroleum products to three percent from five
percent to further reduce the impact of VAT. For socially sensitive
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used by households, the VAT impact
is significantly mitigated as it is now zero import duty and zero
excise tax.
Sinigurado ng Gobyerno na maiibsan ang epekto ng VAT sa ilang
mga sektor tulad ng pampublikong transportasyon, power generation
na gumagamit ng fuel oil, at mga mamamayan sa kanayunan na gumagamit
ng kerosene para sa pailaw. Tinanggal ang tinatawag na excise taxes
sa mga produktong disel, fuel oil and kerosene.
Binawasan din ang excise tax para sa regular unleaded gasoline.
Ibinaba ang taripa sa 3 percent mula 5 percent ng lahat ng
mga produkto at krudong inaangkat sa pamamagitan ng Executive Order
440. Samantala, tinanggal naman ang taripa sa LPG upang lalong mas
maging magaan para sa mamimili ang epekto ng VAT sa langis.
Table 1. Total Impact of Mitigation Measures
|
Products
|
Mitigation
Measures
|
Total
|
|
Removal
of Excise Tax
|
Reduction
of Tariff*
|
|
Unleaded
|
0.00
|
(0.52)
|
0.52
|
|
Regular
|
(0.45)
|
(0.46)
|
0.91
|
|
Diesel
|
(1.63)
|
(0.57)
|
2.2
|
|
Kerosene
|
(0.60)
|
(0.57)
|
1.17
|
|
Bunker
|
(0.30)
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(0.35)
|
0.65
|
|
LPG
(P/cyclinder)
|
0.00
|
(10.03)
|
10.03
|
* Based on Oct 1-20, 2005 MOPS / Contract Price+. This tariff reduction
is pursuant to E.O. 440 which will take effect upon the implementation
of RVAT Law.
How does one compute for VAT on petroleum?
Paano natin malalaman ang tamang computation ng VAT sa presyo
ng langis?
For illustration purposes, using the pump prices of 1 November
2005 as base, we deduct the impact of mitigation measures (i.e.,
reduced tariff and excise taxes) to get the new pump price to be
imposed with 10 percent VAT.
The rollback on fuel prices effected by the oil companies to reflect
the softening of world oil prices for the month of October compared
to September also cushioned the impact of VAT.
Here is a sample computation below:
Halimbawa, kung gagamitin ang presyo noong 1 November 2005
bilang basehan, ibabawas ang kaukulang epekto ng pagtanggal ng excise
tax at pagbaba ng taripa upang makuha ang bagong presyo na papatawan
ng 10% VAT.
Ang pag-rollback ng mga kumpanya ng langis sa presyo ng lokal
na produkto biglang pagtugon sa pagbaba ng presyo ng langis sa pandaigdigang
pamilihan sa buwan ng Oktubre kumpara sa Setyembre ay nakatulong
din para maibsan ang epekto ng VAT.
Makikita sa baba ang sample computation:
Table 2: Sample/Illustration of the Impact of VAT on Petroleum
Products
|
Product
|
Pump
Price before 1 Nov 05 (PhP/li)
|
Rollback*
|
Mitigating
Measures
|
Total
reduction in pre-VAT pump price
|
New
Pump Price
|
10%
VAT
|
Final
Pump Price with VAT**
|
Nominal
Increase
|
Percentage
Increase
|
|
Excise
|
Tariff**
|
| |
a
|
b
|
c
|
d
|
e=(b+c+d)
|
f=a+(e)
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g=(f*0.1)
|
h=f+g
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i=h-a
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j=i/a
|
| Unleaded |
36.05
|
(0.60)
|
0.00
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(0.52)
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(1.12)
|
34.93
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3.49
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38.42
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2.37
|
6.6%
|
| Regular |
34.57
|
(0.60)
|
(0.45)
|
(0.46)
|
(1.51)
|
33.06
|
3.31
|
36.37
|
1.80
|
5.2%
|
| Diesel |
32.95
|
(0.60)
|
(1.63)
|
(0.57)
|
(2.80)
|
30.15
|
3.02
|
33.17
|
0.22
|
0.7%
|
| Kerosene |
33.51
|
(0.60)
|
(0.60)
|
(0.57)
|
(1.77)
|
31.74
|
3.17
|
34.91
|
1.40
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4.2%
|
| Bunker |
21.98
|
(0.60)
|
(0.30)
|
(0.35)
|
(1.25)
|
20.73
|
2.07
|
22.80
|
0.82
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3.7%
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| LPG
(P/cyl) |
464.00
|
(11.00)
|
0.00
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(10.03)
|
(21.03)
|
442.97
|
44.0
|
487.27
|
23.27
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5.0%
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*ROLLBACKof P0.60/liter on all products; P1.00/kg or P11 for 11 kg
LPG
**Based on Oct 1-20, 2005 MOPS / Contract Price+
Prices may vary based on location, company and other factors.
Why are we imposing VAT on petroleum?
Bakit kinakailangang patawan ng VAT ang langis?
Foremost, the R-VAT is one of the major components of the government’s
fiscal program to put the country back on track in its economic
reform agenda. In 2004, about 86 percent of the government revenues
was used for servicing debt and only about 11 percent was allocated
to infrastructure and other capital expenditures.
Reforming the VAT system, which includes VAT on petroleum, will
help generate additional revenues for the Government to finance
other basic services such as improved healthcare, better education,
expanded electrification, quality roads and bridges, and other basic
infrastructure for the people.
Isa ang R-VAT sa mga repormang pang-ekonomiya na isinusulong
ng Gobyerno. Malaking bahagi ng kita ng Gobyerno ay nauuwi sa debt
servicing (86 porsiyento noong 2004 at 11 porsiyento sa imprastruktura).
Sa pagpapataw ng VAT sa langis inaasahang madaragdagan ang koleksyon
ng buwis na magagamit sa mga iba pang serbisyo tulad ngpampublikong
kalusugan, edukasyon, pagpapailaw at iba pang mga imprastruktura.
Are other countries taxing
petroleum as much?
May VAT at iba pang buwis sa langis din ba sa ibang bansa?
In reality, the Philippines has one of the lower prices of oil
compared with other countries in the region, mainly because of the
very low taxes on petroleum products. Prior to the imposition of
VAT on petroleum, tax on diesel in the country is only about 8.7
percent compared to 26.5 percent in Thailand and 33.5% in Malaysia.
For gasoline, tax comprises 17 percent of the total pump price in
the country as against 30% in Thailand and more than half that of
in Malaysia at 51.7 percent.
Isa ang Pilipinas sa mga bansang may mababang presyo ng langis
dahil na rin sa mababang buwis na ipinapataw dito. Sa katunayan,
bago patawan ng VAT ang langis, 8.7 porsiyento lamang ng kabuuang
presyo ng disel ang napupunta sa buwis na binibili. Samantala, sa
Thailand umaabot ito ng 26.5 porsiyento at 33.5 porsiyento naman
sa Malaysia.
Sa atin, 17 porsiyento ng kabuuang presyo ng presyo sa gasolina
ang napupunta sa buwis kumpara sa 30 porsiyento sa Thailand at 51
porsiyento naman sa Malaysia.
Table 3: Share of VAT/Sales and Excise Taxes in the Consumer Price
of Gasoline in Selected Asian Countries, 2005 (in US cents per liter
and in percent)
|
Countries
|
Pump
Price in US cents per liter
|
VAT/Sales
tax in US cents per liter
|
Excise
in US cents per liter
|
Total
(in US cents per liter)
|
Percent
of Tax to Pump Price
|
|
Indonesia
|
27
|
2.7
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1.21
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3.92
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14.50
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Malaysia
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37
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3.7
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15.43
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19.13
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51.70
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Thailand
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54
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5.4
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10.86
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16.26
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30.13
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|
Philippines
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52
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none
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8.8
|
8.8
|
16.99
|
|
Vietnam
|
48
|
4.8
|
6.48
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11.28
|
23.50
|
|
South
Korea
|
135
|
13.5
|
|
|
74.81
|
|
Singapore
|
89
|
4.45
|
25
|
29.45
|
33.09
|
|
Hongkong
|
154
|
0
|
82.56
|
82.56
|
53.61
|
Energy Products Taxation by Milwida M. Guevarra, 2005
Is VAT on petroleum anti-poor?
Ang VAT ba sa langis ay laban sa mahihirap?
No. VAT is a consumption tax. Those who consume more are going
to be taxed more. And the non-poor (high income groups) consume
more petroleum. Studies show that the higher income group allocates
or spends a higher percentage of their annual income on petroleum
products and services.
Based on the 2000 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) conducted
by the National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB), the top 30
percent of the income groups consume about 65.4 percent of the total
petroleum consumption in the country, while the bottom 30 percent
consume only 7.5 percent.
The same data also show that 2 percent of the total income of the
high income groups is spent on petroleum products. The low income
groups, on the other hand, spend only 1.4 percent of their total
income to petroleum products.
Hindi. Ang VAT ay buwis sa mga produkto at serbisyong ginagamit
o binibili. Ibig sabihin kung sino ang mas maraming ginagamit, sila
lamang ang makararamdam ng epekto ng VAT. Ayon sa mg pag-aaral,
malaking bahagi ng kinikita ng higher income groups ang napupunta
sa gastusin sa langis at iba pang serbisyo.
Ayon sa 2000 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) ng
National Statistics Coordinating Board (NSCB), umaabot ng 65.4 percent
ng kabuuang konsumo ng bansa sa langis ang ginagamit ng mayayaman
o ang mga nasa 30 percent ng pinakamataas kumita kumpara ito sa
7.5 percent lamang para sa 30 percent ng pinakamababang kumita.
Ayon pa rin sa FIES, 2 percent ng buong kita ng mga mayayaman
ay napupunta sa pambili ng langis, samantala 1.4 percent naman para
sa mga mababa ang sahod.
Aside from revenue generation, what other
benefits are expected as a result of VAT on petroleum?
Bukod sa dagdag na kita ng Gobyerno, anu-ano pang benepisyo
ang makukuha sa VAT sa petrolyo?
Taxing petroleum will help regulate or lessen its use. This is
good for the economy as the country is poised to benefit from foreign
exchange savings as a result of less oil imports. This is also good
for the environment as less consumption of petroleum means less
pollution and improved health for our people.
Taxing petroleum is also a way to modify the behavior of people.
As petroleum is becoming expensive, people are motivated to use
petroleum efficiently and responsibly.
Inaasahang mababawasan din ang paggamit ng langis dahil sa
karagdagang buwis. Ibig sabihin, makakatipid ang Gobyerno sa paggamit
ng dolyar bunga ng mas mababangi mportasyon ng langis.
Ang pagbawas sa gamit ng langis lalo na sa transportasyon
ay makakatulong sa paglinis ng hangin at maayos na kalusugan para
sa lahat.
Dahil sa lalo pang pataas na presyo ng langis sa ibang bansa,
mahihikayat ang mga mamamili na gamitin nang wasto at responsable
ang produktong petrolyo.
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